Natural Moisturizing Factors + HA

As listed: Sodium Lactate

An alpha-hydroxy acid that exfoliates by loosening corneocyte adhesion while also acting as a natural moisturizing factor, making it gentler and more hydrating than glycolic acid. It smooths texture and brightens dry or sensitive skin.

As listed: Sodium Hyaluronate

A glycosaminoglycan humectant that binds large amounts of water; high-molecular-weight forms sit on the surface as a hydrating film, low-molecular-weight forms penetrate the stratum corneum. Because it is a humectant, in dry air it can pull water from deeper skin — so apply to damp skin and seal it.

A small humectant that attracts and holds water in the stratum corneum, delivered into the epidermis partly via aquaporin-3. It raises hydration, improves plasticity and desquamation, and supports barrier recovery — one of the best-evidenced moisturizing agents.

A urea derivative that is keratolytic — helping shed excess keratin and smooth skin — while soothing irritation and promoting wound healing by stimulating cell proliferation and extracellular-matrix synthesis.

As listed: Tocopherol

A fat-soluble antioxidant that neutralizes UV-generated free radicals and prevents lipid peroxidation and oxidative photoaging. It also moisturizes the stratum corneum and has anti-inflammatory activity — and works best alongside vitamin C.