C E Ferulic

As listed: L-Ascorbic Acid

A potent antioxidant that neutralizes UV-generated free radicals and acts as an essential cofactor for the enzymes that synthesize and stabilize collagen; it also inhibits tyrosinase to reduce melanin. The result is brighter, firmer, more even skin.

As listed: Sodium Hyaluronate

A glycosaminoglycan humectant that binds large amounts of water; high-molecular-weight forms sit on the surface as a hydrating film, low-molecular-weight forms penetrate the stratum corneum. Because it is a humectant, in dry air it can pull water from deeper skin — so apply to damp skin and seal it.

A small humectant that attracts and holds water in the stratum corneum, delivered into the epidermis partly via aquaporin-3. It raises hydration, improves plasticity and desquamation, and supports barrier recovery — one of the best-evidenced moisturizing agents.

As listed: Panthenol

The stable analog of vitamin B5, converted in skin to pantothenic acid. As a humectant it improves hydration and lowers water loss, while soothing irritation, reducing erythema, and supporting barrier repair and re-epithelialization.

As listed: Alpha Tocopherol

A fat-soluble antioxidant that neutralizes UV-generated free radicals and prevents lipid peroxidation and oxidative photoaging. It also moisturizes the stratum corneum and has anti-inflammatory activity — and works best alongside vitamin C.

A plant-derived phenolic antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals and, critically, stabilizes vitamins C and E in formulation. Added to a 15% vitamin C + 1% vitamin E solution it roughly doubles photoprotection against solar-simulated UV — the classic 'Duke' antioxidant complex.